Friday, March 30, 2012

Management and Industrial Engineering

Industrial Engineering (IE) is a service to management and MBA curriculums must include IE as a subject to appreciate its role in proper management of the organizations.
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Management Definition

Management of an organization is the process of establishing objectives and goals of the organization periodically, designing the work system and the organization structure, and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish their aims and objectives and goals of the organization effectively and efficiently (Narayana Rao).

The above definition was developed by me by modifying the definition given by Koontz and O'Donnell.

The definition implies the following.

(i) Management is a process.
(ii) Management applies to every kind of organization, government, profit making, or nonprofit making.
(iii) It applies to managers at all levels in the organization.
(iv) Management is concerned with effectiveness and efficiency.

Effectiveness and efficiency when combined are explained as productivity by Koontz and O'Donnell.
 
Weihrich and Koontz defined Management and explained it as follows in the tenth edition of their book Management: A Global Perspective (p.4).
 
"Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently and accomplish selected aims." This definition needs to be expanded:
 
1. As managers, people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.
2. Management applies to any kind of organization.
3. It applies to managers at all organizational levels.
4. The aim of all managers is the same: to create a surplus.
5. Managing is concerned with productivity; this implies effectiveness and efficiency.


Industrial engineering is a discipline that evolved out of the involvement of engineers in managing engineering departments of enterprises. Frederick Taylor and Frank Gilbreth are pioneers of this branch - which is a hybrid  of engineering and management and  is a service to management.

Narayana Rao defined industrial engineering as: "Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering and System Efficiency Engineering. It is an engineering discipline that deals with the design of human effort and system efficiency in all occupations: agricultural, manufacturing and service. The objectives of Industrial Engineering are optimization of productivity of work-systems and occupational comfort, health, safety and income of persons involved." (  Industrial Engineering )

The statement "Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering and System Efficiency Engineering" appeared in the Industrial Engineer (March 2010 issue), magazine of Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE), which is the global association of Productivity and Efficiency professionals.

When both the definitions are examined together, one can easily conclude that industrial engineering is a service to management focusing on the efficiency aspect, which is a function of the management. Managers whenever they require a specialist looking after efficiency, in the division of labor based work organization, employ the services of industrial engineers.

Industrial engineering techniques and tools build efficiency into systems. Production management texts do cover some of the techniques of industrial engineering. Design professionals get some inputs in value engineering. A better system would be to introduce a course on industrial engineering in business curriculums so that business school graduates understand the profession and discipline of industrial engineering appropriately and make use of the services of IE departments in various functions of management.

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Bibliography

Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering - Knols of Narayana Rao K V S S


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Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/management-and-industrial-engineering/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 2380

Cloud Computing - Cost Reduction Technology - Adoption Case Studies and News


Microsoft and Google in open war in India in Cloud computing business, 29 March 2012, ET news item

SBI is using Google's services. Indian YouthCongress, India Mart, India Infoline, Flipcart, and Sterlite Technoliges are using Google's servces. Google claimed 200,000 business are using Google's services.

Thursday, March 29, 2012

Industrial Engineering Opportunity in IT Departments - Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is an efficiency improving technology. Industrial engineers have to understand the potential of this technology and advocate its adoption in the organization and thereby reduce cost of providing IT services.

IBM in a white paper claims reduction of 20 to 29% is possible through adopting cloud computing facilities.

http://www-05.ibm.com/cz/businesstalks/pdf/WP_Dispelling_the_vapor_around_cloud_computing_in_the_financial_services.pdf

Engineering Economics of Cloud Computing


ComputingCloudonomics - A rigorous approach to cloud benefit quantification - Joe Weinman, October 2011, Journal of Software Technology. Joe Weinman is regarded as a top ten cloud experts.

Overview of Cloudonomics - Blog post by Joe Weinman,  April 2011

Tuesday, March 27, 2012

Industrial Engineer Magazine Article Summaries by 2010 IE Students NITIE, Mumbai, India




Industrial Engineer Magazine Article Summaries


Please insert your articles in serial order of roll number
8. Summary on "A World Gone Green"
9. Summary on "Red Hot Chili Processing-A case study" http://knol.google.com/k/anonymous/-/2xwrr4k6vtq7f/3#edit
13. Summary on "DUBAI A CLASS OF ITS OWN"
14. Summary on Taking a risk
21  summay:From Tortoise to Eagle:Management  of  change:http://knol.google.com/k/ashay-bhagat/from-tortoise-to-eagle-management-of/3qkhjnhu5mtqr/2
27 Summary on "Lightening the Load ".
28 .Telecommunication Fraud : http://knol.google.com/k/ayanangshu-das/telecommunication-fraud/35o029njba0ts/2#
29. Summary on "Leveraging Supply Chain" http://knol.google.com/k/bhrigu-kaushal/leveraging-supply-chain/1wfkysvyzhqsf/2#
38. Summary on "Final Item Adjustment"
43. Summary on  "Higher Education reinvented"
44.Summary on "Mighty Chain of Management"
45. Summary on "Cross Docking"
46 . Summary on "OPTIMIZATION OF MATERIAL " 
52. Summary on "Predicting performance of Complex Systems"
54 Summary  of "losing  our span  of  control"        http://knol.google.com/k/mayank/summary-of-losing-our-span-of-control/2mb1ruqgxxpdi/1#
58. Summary on "Great expectations"
60. Summary on "Automate Purchase-to-Pay"
http://knol.google.com/k/navjyot-s/automate-purchase-to-pay/1l9k02ynqupo4/2
63 .Summary on "Global Situational Awareness"
69 Summary on "Power Saving Heroes"
71 Summary on "Banking on food and Technology"  (Roll  No  -71 )
74. Summary on "Policy of ages" 
76 . summary on "Toyota’s quality lapse"
90.  Summary on "MAKING GOOD EVEN BETTER" - http://knol.google.com/k/saurabh/lean-and-agile-manufacturing-works/cy0t975kgh95/5
manufacturing-works/cy0t975kgh95/5 - roll no-90  SECTION - B PGDIE -४०
94.Summary on "Ergonomics in food processing industry"- http://knol.google.com/k/shristi-gupta/ergo-and-yummy-burgers/19li1wj99hgxh/5
95. Summary on "Statistical concepts associated with Six-Sigma"- http://knol.google.com/k/anonymous/stastical-concepts-associated-with-six/s7bpbdthaot5/2
98. Summary on the Taguchi's application in a Multi response optimization - http://knol.google.com/k/srinivasan-balan/minimize-the-variation-in-bore-diameter/3dfuc9fklidy5/1
100. A technology to produce ultra fine grain(UFG) materials-ECAS by Sudhanshu Yadav Roll. No.-100
101.Summary on "Optimal maintenance decisions for asset managers"
http://knol.google.com/k/sudhir-kumar/101-optimal-maintenance-decisions-for/1zblc1dc2sga8/1
108. Biometrics - An Overview Summarised By Suraj Mahapatro Roll No 108 Sec B PGDIE 40 NITIE Mumbai
http://knol.google.com/k/suraj-mahapatro/biometrics/w2tqrk2k6679/3
109. Summary on the article "Photo book guru"- http://knol.google.com/k/swapnil/photo-book-guru/sfrx8nzto50c/3 roll no.-109, PGDIE40, Swapnil S Bhure
117.summary on Article"BUILT TO SERVE-Law enforcement vehicle designed with human factors in mind" http://knol.google.com/k/vivek-tiwari/built-to-serve-law-enforcement-vehicle/3do7e9coyps10/३
120. summary on"Made with wood,solar cell and food" by sanjay kumar jena,roll no-120
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Related Knols

Knol Day of Industrial Engineering  -  Write your comments on it.
 
 
 
 
 
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Original Knol - Knol Number 2702

Sunday, March 25, 2012

Sales Force Productivity Improvement - An Industrial Engineering Activity

Industrial engineering is human effort engineering and system efficiency engineering. Industrial engineering takes care of efficiency dimension of management in all activities and functions of an organization. Efficiency improvement takes place through employment of latest efficiency improving technologies as well as efficiency improvements brought about by special studies within the organization and efficiency improvement carried out by various managers, supervisors and operators. Industrial engineering is responsible for all these ways of efficiency engineering of an enterprise.

Industrial engineering has a responsibility to help sales and marketing managers to improve the efficient of sales force.

References for Sales Force Productivity

http://www.crmsoftwareblog.com/2012/02/sales-people-are-more-productive-when-crm-goes-social/  23 February 2012

The New Science of Sales Force Productivity, HBR article - 2006
https://webfiles.uci.edu/imohdsal/www/Harvard%20Business%20Review%20-%20The%20New%20Science%20of%20Sales%20Force%20Productivity.pdf

Increasing Sales Productivity by Making by Getting Salespeople to Work Smarter,
Paper published in Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, August 1988
http://warrington.ufl.edu/mkt/docs/weitz/Increasing_Sales.pdf


Friday, March 23, 2012

Job and Work Analysis - Brannick, Levine and Morgeson - Book Information and Review

Job and Work Analysis

Methods, Research, and Applications for Human Resource Management Second Edition

Michael T. Brannick University of South Florida
Edward L. Levine University of South Florida
Frederick P. Morgeson Michigan State University, Eli Broad Graduate School of Management
Sage Publications 2007
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
Overview of the Book
The Uses of Job Analysis
Definitions
Building Blocks of Job Analysis Methods 
A Couple of Job Analysis Projects 
2. Work-Oriented Methods 
Overview of the Chapter 
Time-and-Motion Study 
Functional Job Analysis 
Task Inventories 
Critical Incident Technique 
Chapter Summary 
3. Worker-Oriented Methods 
Overview of the Chapter 
Job Element Method 
Position Analysis Questionnaire 
Other Trait-Based Worker-Oriented Measures 
Cognitive Task Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
4. Hybrid Methods 
Overview of the Chapter 
Combination Job Analysis Method 
Multimethod Job Design Questionnaire 
Occupational Information Network 
Chapter Summary 
5. Management and Teams 
Overview of the Chapter 
Management and Leadership 
Job Analysis for Teams 
Chapter Summary 
6. Job Analysis and the Law 
Overview of the Chapter 
Federal Legislation 
Enforcement of Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 
Executive orders 
Professional Standards 
Prescriptions for Job Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
7. Job Description, Performance Appraisal, Job Evaluation, and Job Design 
Overview of the Chapter 
Job Description 
Performance Appraisal 
Job Evaluation and Compensation 
Job Design/Redesign 
Chapter Summary 
8. Staffing and Training 
Overview of the Chapter 
Staffing 
Training 
Chapter Summary 
9. Doing a Job Analysis Study 
Overview of the Chapter 
Matching Purpose and Job Analysis Attributes 
Selecting Approaches 
Observations and Interviews 
Questionnaires 
Analyzing Data 
A Note About Accuracy in Job Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
10. The Future of Job Analysis 
Overview of the Chapter 
Changing Conditions 
Implications for Jobs and Job Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
A Final Note 
Glossary 
References 
Index 
About the Authors
Review
An important book to be browsed by industrial engineers
Original Knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/job-and-work-analysis-brannick-levine/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 1842

Thursday, March 22, 2012

Job Evaluation - Purpose - Consultants

Job evaluation is an instrument available to ensure integration of internal fairness and external competitiveness. A well-designed, carefully implemented job evaluation system is not only a basic tool for driving changes in your company’s reward structures and achieving equal pay for work of equal value, it also defines the value of a job within your company.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) can help you in the process

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)  can help you develop and implement all, or part, of a job-evaluation system designed to meet the specific needs of your company.
They claim:
Our experienced professionals know how to listen, and they know what questions to ask so that they get the right answers. We can then help you to create the processes and the tools you will need, and, if needed, train your staff in their use. Or, if you would prefer, we can undertake the entire process for you: writing job descriptions, designing or selecting a job-evaluation method, and implementing the chosen method—either PricewaterhouseCoopers’ own IFA or STRATA method, or a 100% customised system, or a system based on a combination of existing methods (already gathered in a database or customised methods). We can also negotiate with the unions in your company; create an effective communications plan, and hold information sessions for your employees; deploy new job classifications, benchmark your salary structure, and implement and maintain the complete procedure, from beginning to end. At PwC our aim is to make your job as easy and effective as possible.

PWC says you consider them when:
• You need a refined evaluation system that includes people's competences.
• You need a evaluation process that can be easily be monitored and adjusted quickly when needed.
• Your company is complex enough to require a number of job evaluation systems that target different groups and objectives.
• You want to develop a job classification procedure that is not a self-contained process but is wholly integrated into the HR value chain—recruitment, salary management, performance management, development and career management).
• You need a new evaluation system that allows you to manage people development and ensure that appropriate skills are developed.

Hay Group

Hay group provides assistance in job evaluation. It claims:
A consistent, objective framework

Thousands of organizations – including more than half of the world’s largest companies – rely on Hay Group’s job evaluation methodologies to help them bring together the right people, jobs and structures to execute their strategies.
The main Hay Group methodology, the Hay Guide Chart®-Profile Method of Job Evaluation provides you with a consistent and objective framework to:
  • analyze your organizational structure and identify ways to make it more effective
  • evaluate people and jobs to match the right individuals to the right roles
  • define career progressions both from individual roles and across related job groups and
  • develop targeted pay and reward programs, using Hay Group’s global compensation database.

All of this ultimately leads to an increased ability to manage your human resources more effectively.
Evolving evaluation

Crucially, this isn’t a one-off approach: the Hay Group job evaluation method is designed to evolve with your business. As a result, several Hay Group clients have used the method successfully to help with job design, talent development and performance management for over 25 years.
Job Evaluation (1952])
Authors: Pigage, Leo Charles; Tucker, John Lawson
Job Evaluation Methods, 1946 (Preface only)
Charles W. Lytle, Professor of Industrial Engineering, New York University,
ISOS; A Job Evaluation System to Implement Comparable Worth Intangible Capital, 2008
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Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/ job-evaluation-purpose-consultants/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 32

Computer Graphics Workstation Ergonomics

For Computer Artists

http://www.khulsey.com/computer-workstation-ergonomics.html

Tuesday, March 20, 2012

Shigeo Shingo - Famous Industrial Engineer of Japan

_______________ _______________

TPS - Toyota Industrial Engineering - The Story

The success of Toyota in cost reduction, productivity improvement, and international competitiveness and its celebrated Toyota Production System, fulfilled the dream of Yoichi Ueno (that Japan can guide US in improved practices of efficiency improvement). The success of #Toyota and the World Class #TPS was  built on the sustained efforts many Japanese persons who understood Taylor and Gilbreth's writings and improvised them in implementing them in Japanese companies.



TPS - the ancestors

Sakichi Toyoda - Toyoda Loom Works -  invented an automatic power loom, Jikoda (autonomous automation), 5 Whys

Kiichiro Toyoda - dreamed of branching into automobiles, started in 1933.
Frustrated by difficulties in engine casting, begins process study.
1936 - creates Kaizen improvement teams
Resigned 1948 due to poor sales.

Department of War TWI program -
1950 - Deming visits Japan. at request of Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers, June-August 1950, trains 100s of engineers, managers and scholars in statistical process control and quality.

JUSE - > Genichi Taguchi - consults with Toyota

In 1957 cousin Eiji Toyoda takes over. Visits Ford. Implements Ford mass production standards.

Frederick Taylor's PSM -> Shigeo Shingo

Toyota Production System

Many folks may think that Japan achieved market dominance through robots, or being workaholics. Not so.

Taiichii Ohno - graduated from Nagoya Technical High School, joined Toyota in 1943 -
Shigeo Shingo - late 50s to 60s - consulting with Toyota
Eiji Toyoda..
Started in 1948 - based on work of Deming

muri - inconsistency
mura - overburden
muda - waste

design out mura - be able to meet required results smoothly - Tai Chi
decrease muri - increase flexibility without stress - Yoga
eliminate muda - eliminate waste - Shaolin Kung-Fu
Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to remove. - Saint-Exupery

Unable to eliminate bottlenecks in production
EOQ - Economic Lot Size - calculation of best use of line, production must be high enough to meet demand for different models

different model = different parts, different dies, different procedures, different tools

high downtime for line changeover = high economic lot size
high economic lot size = high stock  of parts inventory
high stock of inventory = investment of $$$, land costs in Japan are expensive, high cost for big warranty
lesser diversity of models

First - rework factory and models to make use of standard parts, tools, and processes.

Next goal is SMED
biggest component of changeover is die exchange
examine process -
die weighs many tons
use crane to remove old and install new
requires minute measurement to put into place
done by hand and by eye
tested by making test stampings, wasting time and resources
process took 12 hours to 3 days

improve
invest in precision measurement devices
record necessary measurements for each die
install according to measurements rather than by hand and eye - changeover to 90 minutes

FRS - fixed repeating schedule
die changes in standard sequence
scheduling tool changeovers as the new product moved through factory
scheduling use of cranes

SMED achieved
Single Minute Exchange of Die
<10 minutes to change die.
EOQ = 1 vehicle.
Just in time manufacturing

intangible benefits
stockless production
reduction of process footprint = free floor space
productivity increased
ability to changeover more
elimination of defects
improved quality of each product
improved quality from
increased safety due to simpler setup
simplified housekeeping
lower expense of setup
operator preferred = better worker satisfaction
lower skill requirements
elimination of waste
goods are not lost due to deterioration in inventory
new attitudes on work process among staff

Source:
TPS by Ken Harris
http://knol.google.com/ k/ken-harris/tps/ 6p1yn013rxws/2

Posted under creative commons 3.0 attribution license

Friday, March 16, 2012

Eco-Economy

 
There is an industrial revolution. There is an internet revolution called knowledge revolution. Some business men are talking of ecological revolution. The economy that that brings about this revolution and also the result of this revolution is termed as eco-economy.
 
The new economy will be much more like an econosystem than the old.
 
The industrial eonomy provided to the people an abundance of manufactured goods. It extracted fossil fuels for energy both coal and petroleum and raw materials to provide variety of goods. The new economic system will also bring a revolutionary change. The new core resource for this revolution is the knowledge. It does not use more material resources but will use knowledge resources.
 
The knowledge resource will make the present products smarter and also will produce smarter products. Making a product smarter in the eco-economy is explained as making existing products that use lesser resources to manufacture as well as to operate. Smarter products provide the currently used services in a whole new way and save material resources. The two ways of using knowledge are termed as eco-efficieny and eco-effiectiveness. Eco-efficiency is making existing products smarter. Eco-effectiveness is creating totally new products that are environmental friendly.
 
Every company has to change itself to participate in eco-economy. There is a scope for some race ahead and derive more benefit from this change in economy.
 
It keeps happening all the times. The existing company may be slow in joining the ecological innovation due to fear that these innovations cannibalize their existing products. But then new ventures come up and take the leadership.
 
 
 
Referece
 
Dr. William K. Shireman, The Eco-Economy: Enhancing Productivity and Environmental Performance,
in Greening Supply Chiain, APO, 2001
Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/eco-economy/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 1973

Environmental Value Engineering


EMERGY ANALYSIS
________________________________________________________________


Environmental Value Engineering - The Concept

The knol Eco-Economy describes some of the features of eco-economy. Eco-efficiency was explained as making existing products smarter. Making existing products do their function or provide their service, but design and fabricate them in such a way that environmental impact due to them in minimized. This immediately leads to the concept of environmental value engineering. Value engineering was a technique proposed by L.D. Miles to reduce the cost of a product while maintaining the existing functional utility. Hence it was cost value engineering. Similar idea can be applied to existing products from environmental value.
Wilfred H. Roudebush, presented the concept of Environmental Value Engineering  at the 2001 Greening of the Campus Conference at Ball State University and explained it in an American Society of Engineering Education Conference in 2003.
Accodring to Roundebush, environmental value engineering evaluates the environmental contribution and impact of built environment alternatives in units of solar EMERGY during the alternative's life cycle.
EMERGY is defined by Roundebush as all the available energy that was used in the work of making a product, including environmental impacts relating to inputs of: environment, fuel energy, goods, and services (labor). EMERGY is expressed in standard units of energy called solar emjoules (SEJ).
The methodology incorporates 10 life cycle phases of man-made products.
 
A. natural resource formation,
B. natural resource exploration and extraction,
C. material production,
D. design,
E. component production,
F. fabrication/construction,
G. use,
H. demolition,
I. natural resource recycling, and
J. disposal.
One more reference in this context is http://www.ecco.org/pdfs/EV17.pdf. http://www.enst.umd.edu/tilley/emergy/EmergyBldgMatlBuranakarnBrown.pdf is a PhD dissertation related to energy use and has some application to EVE.
Abdulaziz S. Al-Yousefi, in his paper The Synergy between Value Engineering and Sustainable Construction, http://www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Repository/T19_AlYousefi.555fe201-a348-4d2e-ba2c-6c335434f59b.pdf    examined the application of value engineering in the context of sustainability.
There is a good amount of foundation work done on topic. We need to find more references in online as well as prinit publications.

Comparison Between Asphalt and Concrete Pavements

In traditional life cycle cost analysis, the emphasis is costs of different pavement alternatives throughout their design lifetimes. When concrete and asphalt systems are compared, the asphalt pavement alternative was usually selected because a concrete system is more expensive to construct and maintain. The  life cycle assessment strategies are being developed that account for factors such as resource depletion, human health effects, and environmental impact in product selection. Environmental value engineering, employs a systems approach methodology to more accurately compare the input requirements and related environmental impacts of pavement alternatives.When concrete and asphalt highway pavement systems are compared using this revised life cycle analysis approach under EVE concrete proves to be superior. In fact, it was shown in an example presented  that based on a normalized unit of comparison, concrete is approximately 47.6% more efficient overall than asphalt.

EMERGY ANALYSIS

Odum, H.T., Arding, J. (1991). Emergy Analysis of Shrimp Mariculture in Ecuador.
Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island.
122 page report
Emergy Evaluation by H.T. Odium, 1998
Promise and Problems of Emergy Analysis
Jorge L. Hau and Bhavik R. Bakshi
A Presentation on comparson of Emergy and Exergy - 2008

Related Knols

Bibliography

Online
Environmental Value Engineering: An assessment methodology to compare the environmental impact of built environment alternative by Wilfred Roubebush
Environmental Value Engineering (EVE) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete and Asphalt Highway Pavement Systems
by Wilfred H. Roudebush
Papers and Articles
Morledge, R., Smith, A, & Kashiwagi, D. T. (2006). Building Procurement. Oxford, UK: RISC Research/Blackwell Publishing.
Roudebush, W. H. (2003). Environmental value engineering: An environmental life cycle assessment methodology for comparing built environment alternatives. Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Conference. Nashville, TN. June 22-25, 2003.
Roudebush, W. H. (1999). Environmental value engineering assessment of concrete and asphalt pavement.
Proceedings of the 78th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. January 10-14, 1999.
Roudebush, W. H. (1998). Environmental Value Engineering (EVE):A green building performance assessment methodology. Conference Proceedings Green Building Challenge '98: An International Conference on the Performance Assessment of buildings. (pp. 173-178). Vancouver, BC, Canada: Natural Resources Canada. October 26-28, 1998.
Graham, P. (1997). Methods for assessing the sustainability of construction and development activity. Unpublished master's thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
Roudebush, W. H. (1994). Using Environmental Value Engineering (EVE) to Assess the Environmental Impact of Built Environment Waste. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Sustainable Construction, International Council for Building Research (CIB) Task Group 16: Construction and Waste (pp. 317-323). Tampa, Florida. November 6-9, 1994.
Kibert, C. J., Roudebush, W. H., & Waller, L. D. (1992). Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Construction Using the EVE Methodology. Proceedings of International Council for Building Research (CIB)'92 World Building Congress. Montreal, Canada. May 18-22, 1992.
Original Knol - http://knol.google.com/k/ environmental-value-engineering - Knol Number 1974

Wednesday, March 14, 2012

Managing Change in Improvement Projects - Comfort Zone to Comfort Zone

 
 
 
Industrial engineers have to take care of comfort of the employees/operators/workers. While the basic focus of industrial engineering is speed, it has to consider the comfort of the operator along with it and any speed improvement in the machine or in human effort should not create any discomfort to the operator.
 
But a change in method can always create discomfort. The new method has to be learned by the operator. Recently there is a change in fares of taxis and autorickshaws in Mumbai and Thane. The meters are not changed for increase in fares but a new rate card is issued. Because a driver is not familiar with the new fare, he has to consult his card frequently to find the fare. So there is more work now for him. But after some more days, he will remember the computation and he need not consult the card.
 
Every change initiative goes through that process. The change managers have to assure the operators that the new process does not create any extra trouble for them once it is stabilized and also have to inform the operators the steps that they have taken to make the transition stage also comfortable.
 
The change management literature has to talk of comfort zone to comfort zone transition. I thought I brought up this idea today (24.10.2010), but I found an article by Nigel Brooks which is already there.
Migrating Through the Change Response Cycle From Comfort Zone to Comfort Zone
 
May be there are some articles on the idea. I have to find out.
 
Management knols of Narayana Rao are being collected in focused blog
Original knol 3139

Introduction to Industrial Engineering Course at NITIE 2011 - Bulletin Board

___________________________________________________________________________________________
Course page
____________________________________________________________________________


April 2012

Value engineering required
Industrial engineers have to add value by reducing the cost of new popular products as much as possible as fast as possible.

$60  60-Watt LED Bulb
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17788178

2011 Class

Section B 3rd class: 1.7.2011 Discussed Pioneers of Industrial engineering. Test will be there based on 6 topics. 20 minutes. 4 questions.

Section B 2nd class on 29.6.2011: Components of IE. Design of Piston assignment informed. (Various models of Cars)

Section A Second and Third classes on 28.6.2011. Topics covered Components of IE and Pioneers of IE.
Textbook: Maynard's Handbook 5th Edition (Specified chapters) and specified knols in the course page.
Design of Piston assignment announced. Material was given. (Various models of Scooters and Motor cycles).
Information regarding What is industrial engineering? Going's Answer in 1911 and course page was given.
Section A First class was taken on 27.6.2011. Introduction and IE definitions covered. Mathematics assignment was informed.

Section B First class was taken on 24.6.2011 Covered Introduction and Industrial engineering definitions 1911 to 2009 (Going to Narayana Rao)

Mathematics Assignment announced: Application of a mathematical technique in engineering design. (Due within a week)

Original Knol 4897

Tuesday, March 13, 2012

Operations Research - Interesting Online Papers and Articles




Analysis of the Effects of Uncertainty, Risk-Pooling, and Subcontracting Mechanisms on Project Performance
Authors: Genaro Gutierrez and Anand Paul
Gutierrez-Paul v48.6

Service Design and Price Competition in Business Information Services
Authors: T. C. A. Bashyam
Bashyam v4


Operations Research at Bell Laboratories through the 1970s: Part III
Authors: Cree S. Dawson, Charles J. Mccallum Jr., R. Bradford Murphy and Eric Wolman
Dawson v48.2-3-4

Operations Research at Bell Laboratories through the 1970s: Part II
Authors: Cree S. Dawson, Charles J. Mccallum Jr., R. Bradford Murphy and Eric Wolman
Dawson v48.2-3-4

Operations Research at Bell Laboratories through the 1970s: Part I
Authors: Cree S. Dawson, Charles J. Mccallum Jr., R. Bradford Murphy and Eric Wolman
Dawson v48.2-3-4

Designing Portfolios of Financial Products Via Integrated Simulation and Optimization Models
Authors: Andrea Consiglio and Stavros A. Zenios
Zenios v47.2

Maximizing Revenues of Perishable Assets with a Risk Factor
Authors: Youyi Feng and Baichun Xiao
Xiao v47.2
 
Queing Systems
 
Little's Law
Original Knol Number 2990

Human Anatomy - Some Points for IE Students


Muscles
   1. There are three different types of muscles. These are the skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscles and the smooth muscles.
   2. The skeletal type are the those that are trained when people exercise. They are visible in human body.
   3. Most skeletal muscles are directly attached to the bones via tendons.
   4. The smooth muscles are also known as involuntary muscles, and are found within walls of organs. These do their work without conscious control by humans and are within the body. 
   5. The Cardiac muscle is in the heart.
   6. The muscles work by contracting and relaxing. For every contraction a person does, there's another muscular organ that can reverse the movement and reverses it.
   7. Typically, one end of the muscle is attached to a movable part, while the other end is attached to a fixed part.
   8. There are about 640 muscles in the human body.
   9. Almost all of the muscles come in pairs. So there are around 320 pairs.
   10. The muscles are made out of muscle cells which contain thousands or millions of myofibrils.
  11.  "Facia" a type of connection tissue is wrapped around the muscles.
 
 
Each muscle is made up of a large number of muscle fibres, approximately 0.004 inches (0.1 mm) in diameter and ranging in length from 0.2 to 5.5 inches (5-140mm), depending on the size of the muscle. These individual fibres are bound together in bundles by connective tissue. These bundles are penetrated by tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscle fibres. Also there are nerves that carry electrical impulses from the spinal cord and brain.
 
In the muscle fibre there are myofibrils and myofilaments. The myofilaments are of two types: thick filaments called as myosin and thin filaments called as actin.
 
(Source: Benjamin Niebel and Frievalds, Methods, Standards and Work Design, 11th Edition)


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A good reference for various systems in the human body

Skeletal system
Muscular system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Excretion system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Lymphatic system

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

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http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/humbmods.html#HUMB1020

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Video Lecturers


Very good videos HD Videos.

  1. Lecture #1 : Introduction
  2. Lecture #2
  3. Lecture #3
  4. Lecture #4
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  20. Lecture #20
  21. Lecture #21
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  24. Lecture #24
  25. Lecture #25
  26. Lecture #26
  27. Nervous System XI
  28. Lecture #28
  29. Lecture #29
  30. Lecture #30
  31. Lecture #31
  32. Female Reproductive System
  33. Lecture #33
  34. Lecture #34
  35. Lecture #35



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BSC1085:Anatomy and Physiology 1
Hillsborough Community College Online Course , Prof. Nick Ehringer 
 
  1. Lecture #1
  2. Lecture #2
  3. Lecture #3
  4. Lecture #4
  5. Lecture #5
  6. Lecture #6
  7. Lecture #7
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original knol number 2652

Human Effort Engineering - Related Research Papers and Articles

 
 
 
 
Ergonomic Evaluation of Work Stations Related With the Operation of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Equipment: Two cases of study,
XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ERGONOMIA SEMAC 2009
 
Gorbel: Loading a milling machine, Richard Howes,  12 May 2008
 
Harshavardhan Gupta's Design Tips Related to Ergonomics
 
Machine Ergonomics Enhance Efficiency, November 2008,  G.C. Skipper
 
Appl Ergon. 1970 Dec;1(5):302-9.
The ergonomics of vertical turret lathe operation.
 
Lathe Height and Ergonomics  - Forum discussion, 2009
 
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF A CAPSTAN LATHE
International Journal of Production Research, Volume 3, Issue 3 1964 , pages 213 - 225
 
 
Ergonomics and Reach Truck Applications
 
 
Ergonomics of Manual Material Handling
 
 
Applied ergonomics for operator compartment design in an EJC 88 XLP loader, S. Thorley and N.D.L. Burger
The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, JANUARY 2006
 

Ergonomic Seating for Urban Bus Operators, 2000, USA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Books
 
Ergonomics in manufacturing: raising productivity through workplace improvement By Waldemar Karwowski, Gavriel Salvendy, 1998, SME
 
 
 
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Original Knol 2295

Engineering Economic Appraisal by Industrial Engineering Department



Financial appraisal of a project or a capital expenditure proposal, internally and externally is a well established procedure. Similar to financial appraisal of project, there has to be engineering economic appraisal of the project by industrial engineering department. Engineering economic appraisal focuses on assuring the organization that the best economic engineering alternatives are utilized in the project. Industrial engineers with focus on system efficiency engineering are best suited for this appraisal. Engineering economic analysis is economic analysis of engineering alternatives with the objective of selecting best economic engineering alternative. Industrial engineers are the bridge between engineering disciplines and the business disciplines. So they can evaluate whether all available engineering alternatives were brought into decision making or not and whether appropriate economic analysis was carried out or not.

The google search indicated that the term "engineering ecnomic appraisal" was used earlier by Graham A. Davis Colorado School of Mines Golden in the statement "a more appropriate title would be An Engineering-Economic Appraisal of a Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution System: An Indonesian Case Study.
in the book review of The Economic Appraisal of Natural Gas Projects By WILLEM J. H. VAN GROENENDANL. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 230 pages. ISBN 0-19-730019-7 in The Energy Journal,  July, 1999 ( http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/55367379.html ) 

Original Knol 2306

Gear Manufacturing - Industrial Engineering

Integrating Six Sigma and Theory of Constraints in Gear Cutting 

Boom machines six sigma improvement
Gear manufacturers sharpen their teeth
Hard Alloy Gear Circular Saw Blades

State of Gear Technology 2011

Sunday, March 11, 2012



Evaluating Six Sigma Implementation in Medium Scale Automotive Enterprises - R.U. Sambhe, IJEST, March 2011

Six Sigma in India: Analysis on  Benefits drawn by Indian Industries - Darshak A. Desai , JIEM, December 2009


Consultants

Six Sigma India  http://www.sixsigmaindia.net/

Case Study for Class Discussion
Six Sigma Consultancy by Wipro Technologies

Engineering Economics - Books and Contents



            

 

 
Engineering Economy, 6/e, Leland Blank and Anthony Tarquin, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005
 
Table of Contents :
 
Level 1 This is How It All Starts
Chapter 1: Foundations of Engineering Economy
Chapter 2: Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money
Chapter 3: Combining Factors
Chapter 4: Nominal and Effective Interest Rates
Level 2 Tools for Evaluating Alternatives
Chapter 5: Present Worth Analysis
Chapter 6: Annual Worth Analysis
Chapter 7: Rate of Return Analysis: Single Alternative
Chapter 8: Rate of Return Analysis: Multiple Alternatives
Chapter 9: Benefit/Cost Analysis and Public Sector Economics
Chapter 10: Making Choices: the Method, MARR, and Multiple Attributes
Level 3 Making Decisions on Real-World Projects
Chapter 11: Replacement and Retentions Decisions
Chapter 12: Selection from Independent Projects Under Budget Limitation
Chapter 13: Breakeven Analysis
Level 4 Rounding Out the Study
Chapter 14: Effects of Inflation
Chapter 15: Cost Estimation and Indirect Cost Allocation
Chapter 16: Depreciation Methods
Chapter 17: After-Tax Economic Analysis
Chapter 18: Formalized Sensitivity Analysis and Expected Value Decisions
Chapter 19: More on Variation and Decision Making Under Risk
 
 
Engineering Economic Analysis: Student's Quick Study Guide,  Donald G. Newnan, Edward W. Wheeler, Ed Wheeler, Ted Eschenbach, Jerome P. Lavelle, Contributor Ed Wheeler, Oxford University Press US, 2004
 
Table of Contents :
 

Course Summary

cash flow, rate of return, salvage value

Making Economic Decisions

50 cents, Property taxes, Lbs of raw

Engineering Costs and Cost Estimating

Weakley county, Factory overhead, gizmo

Interest and Equivalence

Solution F, compounded monthly, interest

More interest Formulas

effective interest rate, Effective annual rate, continuously compounded

Present Worth Analysis

salvage value, net present value, effective interest rate

Annual Cash Flow Analysis

interest rate, equivalent uniform annual, EUAW

Rate of Return Analysis

interpolate, Solution F, if dividends

7A Difficulties Solving for an interest Rate

following cash flow, interpolation, Accumulated Cash Flow

1ncremental Analysis

Salvage Value, Big Bite, Choose most expensive

Other Analysis Techniques

payback period, breakeven, Sim City

Uncertainty in Future Events

Salvage Value, megawatt, Gaseous diffusion

Depreciation

book value, MACRS, diatomaceous earth

Income Taxes

income tax, Taxes ATCF, SOYD

Replacement Analysis

equivalent annual cost, heat exchanger, EACA

1nflation and Price Change

capital gains tax, property tax, payback

Selection of a Minimum Attractive Rate of Return

Backhoe, Cost of Capital, model Y

Economic Analysis in the Public Sector

equivalent annual cost, benefit-cost ratio, interest rate

Rationing Capital Among Competing Projects

Capital Budget, Present Worth, Worth of Benefits

Accounting and Engineering Economy

Current Liabilities, Current Assets, Quick ratio

 
Engineering Economics, 4th Edition, James L. Riggs, David D. Bedworth, and Sabah U. Randhawa
McGraw Hill, New York, 1996
 
Table of Contents :


    1. Introduction to Engineering Economics
    2. Time Value of Money
    3. Present-Worth Comparisons
    4. Equivalent Annual-Worth Comparisons
    5. Rate-of-Return Calculations
    6. Structural Analysis of Alternatives
    7. Replacement Analysis
    8. Analysis of Public Projects
    9. Depreciation and Income Tax Considerations
    10. Effects of Inflation
    11. Sensitivity Analysis
    12. Break-even Analysis
    13. Risk Analysis
    14. Multistage Sequential Analysis
    15. Multiattribute Decision Making

 
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